Design of Vehicle Security and Passenger Protection System

Design of Vehicle Security and Passenger Protection organization escort vehicle security, environmental assure and passenger comfortion schemesIntroductionI give learn that there ar some advantages in the modern teleph wholeness exchange door cast asideing organization. I testament be learning the electrical wiring of a typical modern automobile, and adding illustrations to explain the various components. I leave alone be explaining the operating principles and identifying the main parts of the environmental control system such as the EGR principles for a Hitachi vehicle mentioning how it perishs according with the Control Valves and later(prenominal) examining the service and repair procedures for a defective valve. I will include the oxidization process in a catalytic converter with equations showing the auxiliary of oxygen to hydro cable carbon when passed over a platinum palladium catalyst. The secrete produces counterproductive emissions throttlees damaging to the atmosphere when wash upd into air. The catalytic converter includes a core of ceramics containing many an(prenominal) pores which cadency less than 1mm. Most catalytic converters flummox a good life expectancy but should be checked periodically for internal and external damage. mind Criteria 3.1 The telephone exchange engageing system of a motor car must give access to the driver, it is the performer from which the vehicle doors and boot lid atomic number 18 locked and unbarred and the engine is rangeed. The central lock system in a vehicle must give access only to the driver or an authorised person. In past years, only mechanical systems could be operated from the outside with a tonality or from the in spite of appearance with a knob. The central locking systems employ originally brought slightly significant improvements in comfort and convenience.The electric locking systems be very common today in most vehicles, they work with an infrared or receiving set remote control control. They can be triggered remotely, for example without contact mingled with key and vehicle. The latest systems use entirely keyless vehicle access. The driver only take to have a put acrosster in their pockets, the doors are so unlocked when the driver touches a door handle which has a built-in contact point.The central locking system provides locking/unlocking of the entire vehicle from one central exterior point. It is the means in which the vehicle doors and boot lid are locked and unlocked and the engine is started. The locking system is operated with a key or remote control. These systems feature a built-in vanity reservoir which triggers the locks on all doors when the key is turned in a lock.The central locking system has the following componentsDoor handle/Handle strip, the door handle is the traditional means by which a vehicle is opened and closed from inside or outside. The outside door strip usually houses the door lock. Door strips are frequen tly utilise as design elements in modern cars. They can be chrome-plated or paint-finished in the same colour as the vehicle.Door lock/Actuator, the latching mechanism in a vehicle is installed directly inside the doors. It contains both a latch and an electric motor (actuator) which controls the central locking system. The latch opens or closes the doors, piece of music on the another(prenominal) hand the door lock, locks or unlocks the vehicle. Today, all doors latches are powered by electric drives. provoke filler cap, the provide filler cap will safely seal the fuel tank. Some fuel filler caps have locks, others do not. Fuel filler caps with locks are usually found on vehicle which have either a fuel filler flap which does not lock or no fuel filler flap at all. Fuel filler caps without locks are found on vehicles whose fuel filler flap is locked automatically via the central locking system.Transponder, the transponder is usually integrated inside the key bow. It is the mean s by which the electronic immobiliser identifies the correct key is being used. The transponders code is read out as the key nears the ignition lock. If the code is correct, the electronic immobiliser will radiate a start signal enabling the engine.Remote control, the remote controls are being used with increasing frequency in small cars, substituting the functions of a conventional key to all intents and purposes. A signal transmitter sends a signal or a coded order instruction to a receiver inside the vehicle, which usually controls a number of functions. Infrared remote controls have a range of up to 15 m. They depend upon the direct visual contact between transmitter and receiver. Today the infrared remote controls are only used rarely as they have been overtaken by other technologies. Wireless remote controls transmit on radio frequencies and have a range of up to approximately 100 m.Keys, are the basic function and remote control of the locking and unlocking of doors, luggag e compartments, fuel filler cap, etc. they are also used to control the interior lighting and electronic immobiliser, the disheartenment system system and the window lifters. The keys are do up of of ii units the milled, toothed key blade and the key bow. The latter is home to an increasing number of electronic functions such as the remote control for the central locking system or the boot lid.Start/stop system, traditionally a vehicle key was needed to unlock the steering lock and to start the engine. Therefore, the vehicle key was enhanced with the addition of a transponder-based release mechanism for the electronic immobiliser. Today, keyless systems are increasingly being used to start engines. In a keyless system, a transmitter, which usually also houses the controller for the central locking is fitted into a reader in the vehicle and the engine is then started by pressing a button.Steering lock, the steering locks have been a compulsory requirement set by insurance compani es since 1969.They provide protection against stealing. They are the means from which the steering column is unlocked sand the engine is started, either electrically or by conventional mechanical means. My-cardictionary.com (2016) plot 1, An Electrical equip Diagram for the Central Locking dust of an E36 Coupe vehicleJustanswer.com (2016)Diagram 2, showing a Single Lock, Phase 1, mechanical lock at door and lock signal generation for a BMW vehicleUn despatchicialbmw.com (2016)The lock button and key mechanically rotate the lock lever which decouples the exterior door handle from the latch. When this is rotate the lock lever moves an internal switch ramp to the left closing the lock micro-switch. This provides the lock signal to the GM. When the GM receives the lock signal it activates an internal pass on number 1, providing power through the closed single lock contact to the actuator motor. Ground is provided through the modules closed contact of relay number 3. The vehicles act uator motor go energised until the single lock tour is opened by the gear driven slider. All actuators stop at the single locked position. From this point the external door handles are decoupled from the latch mechanism stopping entry from outside of the vehicle.Assessment Criteria 3.2 Emission control system in vehicles depend on the reduction and discharge of harmful mishandlees from the internal-combustion engine and other components. There are three main sources of gases released from the engine ingest, the crankcase, and the fuel tank and carburettor. The wear upon pipe sets free burned and unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of northward and sulphur, there are traces of various acids, alcohols and phenols. In environmental control systems the vehicle emissions focusses on types of emissionsHydrocarbons, a class of burned or partially burned fuel, hydrocarbons are a major contributor to smog, causing problems in urban areas.Carbon monoxide, is a product of part ial combustion, carbon monoxide reduces the bloods ability to charter oxygen, carbon monoxide toxic condition is dangerous and fatal.Nitrogen oxide, is produced when nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen at a high temperature and pressure inside the engine. NOx is a precursor to smog and acid rain. NOx is a mixture of NO, N20, and NO2. NOx production is increased when an engine runs at its most efficient part of the cycle.Sulphur oxide, is a confines for oxides of sulphur, it is emitted from motor vehicles burning fuel containing sulphur. The reduction of sulphur reduces the level of Sulphur oxide emissions from the tailpipe. Rjdaviesmotor.com (2016)One environmental control system is the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) annihilate gas recirculation. This is an efficient way to reduce the NOx emissions from the engine. It works by recirculating a quantity of exhaust gas prat to the engine cylinders. A valve is used to spring the flow of gas it may be closed completely if requi red. The EGR intermixes the recirculated gas with the incoming air reducing the amount of O2 for combustion, lowering the peak temperature of combustion. In other words, the substitution of burnt gas for oxygen rich air reduces the proportion of the cylinder contents available for combustion, causing a lower heat release and peak cylinder temperature reducing the formation of NOx. A presence of an inert gas in the cylinder further limits the peak temperature. The gas is recirculated is usually achieved by piping a route from the exhaust manifold to the intake manifold. The gas recirculated is passed through the EGR cooler reducing the temperature of the gas, reducing the cylinder charge temperature when the EGR is used, the EGR system has two benefits firstly the reduction of charge temperature resulting in lower peak temperature, and flakely the greater density of cooled EGR gas allows for a higher proportion of EGR to be used. On a diesel engine, the recirculated fraction may be as high as 50% under some operating conditions. The control valve within the circuit regulates and times the gas flow.There are disadvantages and difficulties of an EGR system, especially in diesel engines where the trade-off between NOx and particulates is higher. The EGR reduces the available oxygen in the cylinder, the production of particulates fuel which is only partly combusted is increased when the EGR is applied. The reduction of the oxygen available in the cylinder will reduce the peak power available from the engine. The EGR is usually except off when full power is required so the EGR approach to controlling NOx fails in this situation. The EGR system cannot respond instantly to changes in demand and the exhaust gas takes time to flow around the EGR circuit. Making the calibration of the EGR behaviour more complex. A faulty EGR system may result in one cylinder receiving too much high particulate emissions while another cylinder receives too little, resulting in high NOx emissions from that cylinders. Cambustion.com (2016)Diagram3, Cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System for Tata Hitachi Construction MachineryTatahitachi.co.in (2016)Diagram 4, An EGR Working illustrationSlideshare.com (2016)Another environmental control system is a catalytic converter. The catalyst converter changes the harmful pollutants in the exhaust gases into harmless gases. It is located, in the exhaust system and all exhaust gas must move along through it. The catalyst is a material ordinarily platinum palladium in the catalytic converter that causes a chemical change without being a part of the chemical response. The result is the exhaust gas leaving the catalytic converter with less harmful HC, CO, NOx. The catalytic converter converts the pollutants by catalysing a redox reaction (oxidation or reduction). Catalytic converters are used with internal combustion engines fuelled by either petrol or diesel. There are two types of converters1. The oxidization catalytic co nverter the oxidation catalyst is the second stage of catalyst converter. It reduces the unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide by burning (oxidising) them over a platinum palladium catalyst.Diagram 5, An illustration showing the oxidization catalytic converter and the various gases emitted from the exhaustQuickhonda.net (2016)2. The reduction catalytic converter The reduction catalyst is the first stage of the catalytic converter, it uses platinum and rhodium to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions.Diagram 6, The chemical process in the reduction catalytic converterSine.ni.com (2016)Assessment Criteria 3.3 All vehicles are designed to protect the drivers and passengers in a concussion, some cars are better at this than others. In a well-designed vehicle, all the different arctic systems work together in keeping the driver and passengers safe in many different crash situations. Working together the safety systems make up the house physician protection system. The vehicle must have a strong body structure to absorb the crash force while keeping the driver and passenger compartments intact. Passenger safety systems comprise of the followingCrumple zones, in the frontal, rear and base runner (those occurring at an angle) crashes, modern vehicles protect occupants by absorbing crash energy and reducing the forces in which the driver is exposed. This is because the front and rear sections crumple in a controlled and progressive manner, allowing the driver and passenger compartment to decelerate more slowly. The deceleration signifies less force passing onto the driver and passenger so the injuries are less likely.prophylactic Belts, they are necessary safety fixtures in a vehicle, most modern safety belts have pretensioners. They tighten the safety belt in case of a encounter. They have included load limiters which help to control the movements in a collision.Airbags, help to stop the driver and passengers from hitting hard parts of the vehicle in moderate to s evere crashes. There are many different types of airbags available. Most vehicles manufactured in the last 15 years have driver and passenger frontal airbags. Todays newer cars have side torso-protecting airbags and side curtain airbags. The side curtain airbags protect a persons head in a side impact crash. font airbags with head protection, they are a very important safety item which can stop serious injury in a pole-side impact.ISOFix child barrier anchorages, there are specified lower anchorage points for the installation of child restraints. These make it easier to install the child restraints correctly.Inflatable rear safety belts, the inflatable sections of these safety belts may be shoulder only or lap and shoulder. This system supports the head during a collision, it also provides side impact protection. Inflatable safety belts have tubular inflatable bladders kept within an outer cover. When a collision occurs, the bladder inflates with a gas to increase the area of the r estraint which touches the passenger. During a collision at the same time the inflatable rear safety belt shortens in length, tightening the belt around the passenger and improving protection.Pre-crash systems, this is a system which discover an immediate collision and automatically puts into action safety devices like safety belt pretensioners.Rollover occupant protection systems, detect a rollover situation and deploys occupant protection systems like inflatable curtains. Rollover-enabled air bags are intended to stay inflated after a crash for about five seconds. This give greater protection from the head curtain air bags which deploy in a side-impact collision.Active head restraint, a seat is designed to respond to rearward collisions by moving the head restraint forward. It performs other actions to lower the risk of whiplash type injuries.Head restraint for all seats, they are designed with specific geometry to protect an adult in a road collision from the rear.Automatic jot c all (eCall), is a system which alerts the sine qua non services if a severe collision occurs. Rightcar.govt.nz (2011)Assessment Criteria 3.4 For instance, the expert checking of the brake and repair procedures and security system for a Porsche Macan model car could detect a defective central locking system which sometimes requires the changing of the small stamp battery inside the key housing by using a small screwdriver. When there is a defective battery the central locking system and car alarm will not work accordingly. There are several steps to take when this happens. Normally, the drivers door will lock all functioning locking elements of the central locking system, so the emergency locking procedure should be carried out. A qualified Porsche specialist shop technician should carry out the necessary diagnostics and repair.To Changing the Drivers Key (Remote Control Battery) the steps are as followsN.B Please observe the regulations for disposing of batteriesIf the battery in the remote control becomes too weak, the message Replace Ignition key battery will appear on the multi-function display on the instrument panel. The battery should be changed in this case.To Changing the battery CR 2032, 3 V, you should carry out the following proceduresRemove the emergency key.Lever off the cover on the back of the key housing using a small screwdriver.Change the battery (the polarity should be checked)Refit the cover and press together firmly.Insert the emergency key.By using a push and release mechanism the emergency key within the drivers key is uncovered by using the button to the side. The emergency key can be pulled out and used to unlock the front door of the vehicle. The central locking system controls the doors, tailgate and filter flap. The central locking system is always activated when unlocking and locking the vehicle. On the multi-function display on the instrument panel there are different variants for locking and unlocking the doors and tailgate.The Alarm SystemThe alarm system monitors the following alarm contactsAlarm contacts in doors, tailgate, engine compartments lid and headlights.Interior surveillance, movement in the interior when the vehicle is locked, e.g. attempted stealing after breaking a window.Inclination sensor Tilting of the vehicle e.g. attempt to tow the vehicle.Trailer hitch socket, e.g. unauthorised unhitching of the trailer.If one of these alarm contacts is interrupted the alarm horn will sound for approximately 30 seconds and the hazard warning lights flash. After a 5 second pause the alarm is triggered again. The cycle is retell up to ten times. The alarm system is activated when the vehicle is locked, is deactivated when the vehicle is unlocked. When there are faults in the central locking system, the indicator light comes on for 10 seconds, then it flashes at double fastness for 20 seconds and then flashes normally.Although the helpful car alarm is necessary for the security of the car, it can go o ff unpredictably and even refuse to turn itself off. The safety of the vehicle is very important there are a few methods of troubleshooting the car alarm.m.wikihow.com (2016)Disabling a Car AlarmDisabling the car alarm can be a temporary arranged before getting professional auto assistance. consciousness the basics of an alarm system is very important, there are a few components that an alarm system usesControl unit, this part is often referred to the brain as it functions as the command centre for the system.Alarm transmitter, this comes in two forms, key remote or key.Sensors, alarms vary and can get complex with very many sensors like pressure, door or window sensors.Siren, alarms need some type of warning signal, a few systems have their own siren component while others are wired to the car stereo.Wires connect the siren to the control unit, fuses, and the control unit to the sensors.Disconnect the battery, to do it open the hood and locate the battery, using a socket wrench un screw the negative terminal (-) of the battery and pull it off. This is a safety measure to prevent accidents because workings with the vehicles electronics can be dangerous.Find the alarm system, it can usually be found under the hood near the steering wheel.Disconnect the wires, some alarm control units have labels for each wires, by taking off the wires attached to the control unit and removing the wires attached to the siren, are two ways to disable and serenity the alarm.Pull the wire of the siren, this will silence the alarm.Reconnect the battery and test the car, put the plug of the battery back in, to make sure the alarm is not going off again. Turn on the car and give the engine an increase of speed. This will make sure that the car can still function. M.wikihow.com (2016)Assessment Criteria 3.5The reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) engines have been equipped with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valves. The EGR valves opens at speeds above idle on a warm engine. When t he valve is open, it allows a small portion of the exhaust gas to enter the intake manifold. The exhaust gas is recirculated and takes the place of some the intake mixture. The recirculated exhaust gas is without power and does not enter the combustion process. Diagnosing a defective EGR valve is very cracking forward. If the EGR valve is not working or the flow of the exhaust gas is within limits, then the following symptoms will happenA spark-knock is created when there is an increase of speed during normal drivingExcessive oxides of nitrogen (NOx), exhaust emissions.If the EGR valve is stuck open, then these symptoms will showRough idle or loss of speedPoor performance/low powerThe first step in diagnosing the fault is to perform a thorough visual inspection. Checking the proper operation of a vacuum cleaner operated EGR valve.To check the operation of the Vacuum-Operated EGR valve, we have toCheck the vacuum diaphragm to see if it can hold the vacuum. N.B. Because some EGR val ves require exhaust back pressure to work correctly, the engine should be running at the correct RPM.Apply vacuum from a hand operated vacuum pump and check for right operation. The valve should move when the vacuum is applied and the engine operation should be moving. The EGR valve must be able to hold the vacuum that was applied. If the vacuum drops off, then the valve is likely to be defective. Pearsoned.ca (2016)ConclusionIt is utilizable to know that the central locking system unlocks all doors of a car and it is controlled by a key with a unique code which synchronizes with the cars alarm system. one time the key is used for locking the car the engine immobilizer will go off. Then the vehicles computer system will work with the same code from the car key, therefore opening the engine immobilizer. Consequently, when the engine immobilizer is on, the car will not start. With the evolution of time the central locking system has advanced in their working and is now operated remo tely from a distance.In question 3.2 I have understood that emissions of many air pollutants have shown a variety of negative make on public health and the environment. Emissions such as hydrocarbons a class of burned or partially burned fuel are very toxic. smog is a major contributor to pollution, and prolonged exposure to hydrocarbons contribute to asthma, liver disease, lung disease and cancer. Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion which reduces the bloods ability to carry oxygen. Carbon monoxide poisoning is a killer in high concentrations.However, the Exhaust gas recirculation system (EGR) was firstly used in the USA and Canada in the seventies and later developed by major car manufacturers to lower the harmful gases released into the atmosphere. Dr Donald H. Stedman of the University of Denver invented technology using infra-red to detect the exhaust gases used in urban areas. It is a way of testing the various gases released into the environment. Finally, I can say that with the advancement of time technology has improved the design and security of the car to view the safety of the vehicle.ReferencesCambustion.com (2016) Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and NOx Measurement, NOx Emissions online Available at http//www.cambustion.com/products/egr Accessed twenty-eighth borderland 2017My-cardictionary.com (2016), Central Locking System online Available at http//www.my-cardictionary.com/accessories/central-locking-system.html Accessed 28th manifest 2017Pearsoned.ca (2016) Emission Control Devices Operation, Diagnosis, and Service online Available at http//www.pearsoned.ca/highered/divisions/virtual_tours/halderman/data/Halderman_AutoTec_ch30pdf Accessed 28th March 2017Quickhonda.net (2016) Exhaust Flow in an Automobile online Available at http//www.quickhonda.net/exhaust.htm Accessed 28th March 2017Rightcar.govt.nz (2011) Protection Systems During A Crash online Available at http///rightcar.govt.nz/protection-during-a-crash.html Accesse d 28th March 2017Rjdaviesmotor.com (2016), R.J. Davies Motor Repairs, online Available at http//rjdaviesmotor.com/services/emission-problems/ Accessed 28th March 2017Sine.ni.com (2016) Using Compact RIO and Lab VIEW to Reduce NOx Emissions from Ship Engines online Available at http//sine.ni.com/cs/app/doc/p/id/cs-12978/lang/en/pdf/yes/pdf Accessed 28th March 2017Unofficialbmw.com (2016), Central Locking, Purpose of the System online Available at http//www.unofficialbmw.com/images/lock.pdf Accessed 28th March 2017